IEEE 399-1997

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IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies andthe Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committeesserve voluntarily and without compensation. They are not necessarily members of the Institute. Thestandards developed within IEEE represent a consensus of the broad expertise on the subject within theInstitute as well as those activities outside of IEEE that have expressed an interest in participating in thedevelopment of the standard.Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary. The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply thatthere are no other ways to produce, test, measure, purchase, market, or provide other goods and servicesrelated to the scope of the IEEE Standard. Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed at the time a standardis approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the artand comments received from users of the standard. Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at leastevery five years for revision or reaffirmation. When a document is more than five years old and has notbeen reaffirmed, it is reasonable to conclude that its contents, although still of some value, do notwholly reflect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have thelatest edition of any IEEE Standard.Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membershipaffiliation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposedchange of text, together with appropriate supporting comments.Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards asthey relate to specific applications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention ofIEEE, the Institute will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards representa consensus of all concerned interests, it is important to ensure that any interpretation has also receivedthe concurrence of a balance of interests. For this reason IEEE and the members of its technical committeesare not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases wherethe matter has previously received formal consideration.Introduction(This introduction is not a part of IEEE Std 399-1997, IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial andCommercial Power Systems Analysis.)This Recommended Practice, commonly known as the “Brown Book,” is intended as apractical, general treatise on power system analysis theory and as an engineer’s referencesource on the techniques that are most commonly applied to the computer-aided analysis ofelectric power systems in industrial plants and commercial buildings. The Brown Book is auseful supplement to several other power system analysis texts that appear in the referencesand bibliography subclauses of the various chapters of this book. The Brown Book is bothcomplementary and supplementary to the rest of the Color Book series.One new and important chapter has been added: Chapter 16, entitled “DC auxiliary powersystem analysis.” All the other chapters in this new edition have been revised and updated—in some cases quite substantially—to reflect current technology.To many members of the working group who wrote and developed this RecommendedPractice, the Brown Book has become a true labor of love. The dedication and support ofeach individual member is clearly evident in every chapter of the Brown Book. Theseindividuals deserve our many thanks for their excellent contributions.